Skip to content
FreshSelectSpot

10 Best Heavy Duty Laminator (October 2026) Expert Guide

Finding the right heavy duty laminator can transform how you protect documents in busy environments. Whether you work in a school, office, or print shop, reliability and speed are essential for handling high volumes without constant jams or delays.

We analyzed ten top-rated commercial and heavy-duty models based on roller counts, warm-up times, and user feedback. Our comparison focuses on machines built for frequent use that deliver consistent results across various pouch thicknesses and document sizes.

Each pick highlights unique strengths like anti-jam technology, foil capabilities, or wide format support. Keep in mind that pricing and availability change often, so verify current details before making your final decision to ensure the best value for your needs.

Top 3 Picks for Best Heavy Duty Laminator

Best Budget

Apache 13 Inch Thermal Laminator
Apache 13 Inch Thermal Laminator

4.4Editor score

Supports up to 16 mil thickness
Simple on-off switch design
Compact and lightweight build

Check price

Editor's Choice

SINCHI 13-Inch 6-Roller Commercial Laminator
SINCHI 13-Inch 6-Roller Commercial Laminator

4.9Editor score

6-roller system for even heat
81 inches per minute speed
Handles 3 to 10 mil pouches

Check price

Best Premium

SINCHI Robust 6-Roller Laminator with LCD
SINCHI Robust 6-Roller Laminator with LCD

4.4Editor score

LCD display with 105 settings
99 memory slots for presets
Luxury aluminum housing structure

Check price

As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases.

Top 10 Best Heavy Duty Laminator in 2026 Compared

This side-by-side comparison reviews all ten heavy duty laminator models to highlight their key specifications and ideal use cases. Read on to see how each machine performs in terms of speed, width, and special features.

ProductsSpecificationsEditor scorePrice
1SINCHI 13 Commercial Laminator

Editor's Choice

SINCHI 13 Commercial Laminator
13-inch inlet width
48-second warm-up time
4-roller pressure system
Includes foil applicator
4.6Editor score

Check price

2Qfun 10 Mil Thermal Laminator

Editor's Choice

Qfun 10 Mil Thermal Laminator
1000mm per minute speed
Built-in accessory compartment
LCD touch interface
REV smart jam prevention
4.3Editor score

Check price

3SINCHI 13-Inch 6-Roller Commercial

Editor's Choice

SINCHI 13-Inch 6-Roller Commercial
81 inches per minute speed
Luxury aluminum housing
2-minute warm-up time
Handles 3 to 10 mil
4.9Editor score

Check price

4Apache 13 Inch Thermal Laminator

Apache 13 Inch Thermal Laminator
Supports up to 16 mil
Anti-jam release button
Simple reliable design
Fits 13-inch projects
4.4Editor score

Check price

513 inch Heavy Duty Commercial LOTHANEK

13 inch Heavy Duty Commercial LOTHANEK
60-second warm-up time
DC motor efficiency
Includes corner rounder
990mm per minute speed
4.5Editor score

Check price

613 inch 4-Roller Heavy Duty Laminator

13 inch 4-Roller Heavy Duty Laminator
Hot and cold modes
50 pouches included
One-touch reverse button
990mm per minute speed
5.0Editor score

Check price

7Fellowes Venus 2 125 Thermal Laminator

Fellowes Venus 2 125 Thermal Laminator
AutoSense thickness detection
6-roller heavy-duty system
Up to 43 in per min
30 to 60 sec warm-up
4.0Editor score

Check price

8Scotch Thermal Laminator TL901X

Scotch Thermal Laminator TL901X
2 roller system
Up to 9 inches wide
Letter-size page per min
Release lever included
4.7Editor score

Check price

9SINCHI Robust 6-Roller Laminator with LCD

SINCHI Robust 6-Roller Laminator with LCD
105 different settings
99 memory presets
LCD display control panel
6 super big silicon rollers
4.4Editor score

Check price

10Chilino 4-Roller Laminator 13 Inch

Chilino 4-Roller Laminator 13 Inch
REV anti-jam function
1000mm per minute speed
30-sheet accessory kit
55-second warm-up time
3.0Editor score

Check price

1. SINCHI 13 Commercial Laminator – Best Overall Heavy Duty Laminator

SINCHI 13" Commercial Laminator | 3–10 Mil, 4-Roller, 48s Warm-Up, 17s/Sheet, Heavy Duty No-Jam Design, Works with Cardstock & Dark Prints, Includes 10 Sheets, Ideal for Office, School & Business4.6Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
SINCHI 13 Commercial Laminator
48-second warm-up time
17 seconds per sheet speed
Patented anti-jam tech
Includes foil applicator

The SINCHI 13 Commercial Laminator stands out as a top pick with its 4.6 rating and patented anti-jam technology. It is built for high-efficiency environments where speed and reliability matter most.

Pros

  • Fast warm-up speed
  • Handles dark prints well
  • Includes starter foil kit
  • Anti-jam roller design
  • Wide pouch compatibility

Cons

  • Operational noise level
  • Not for DTF decals

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

Its 48-second warm-up and 40 inches per minute speed allow you to laminate ten 3-mil pouches in just four minutes. The 4-roller system ensures smooth feeding even with heavy cardstock or dark prints.

While the industrial-grade gearbox makes it louder than basic models, this sound indicates durable performance. The foil applicator feature adds creative value for invitations and certificates without extra tools.

This machine is ideal for offices and schools needing consistent results. Its auto-shutdown safety features and included cleaning paper help maintain peak performance over time.

Anti-Jam Technology

Misaligned sheets continue laminating smoothly without getting stuck due to the engineered jam-free roller system.

Foil Capability

Use the 10-mil setting with heat transfer foils to add metallic accents to your projects.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

2. Qfun 10 Mil Thermal Laminator – High Efficiency Business Option

Qfun 10 Mil Thermal Laminator 11x17 Heavy Duty Business Lamination Machine4.3Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
Qfun 10 Mil Thermal Laminator
1000mm per minute speed
13-inch wide feed slot
REV smart jam system
Built-in accessory compartment

The Qfun 10 Mil Thermal Laminator is designed for efficiency-driven professionals who need rapid results. It features a 1000mm per minute speed and accommodates pouches up to 10 mil thick.

Pros

  • Fast laminating speed
  • Includes cutting tools
  • 4-roller pressure system
  • LCD touch interface
  • Handles 10 mil sheets

Cons

  • Higher price point
  • Complex setup for some

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

Its REV smart jam prevention system allows one-touch reverse ejection, saving time on misfeeds. The all-in-one design includes a paper cutter, corner rounder, and hole punch for complete document finishing.

While it offers robust features, the integrated accessory compartment might feel bulky on smaller desks. The dual protection safety system ensures safe operation with overheat protection and auto-shutdown.

This laminator suits studios and educational institutions needing large format support. Its LCD interface makes switching between hot and cold modes intuitive for varied projects.

All-in-One Design

Integrates laminating, trimming, punching, and binding capabilities into a single heavy-duty device.

Safety Upgrades

Built-in NTC chip monitors temperature with overheat protection and auto power-off after 30 minutes.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

3. SINCHI 13-Inch 6-Roller Commercial – Best High-Speed Heavy Duty Laminator

SINCHI 13-Inch, 6-Roller Commercial Laminator, 3–10 Mil, 2-Min Warm-Up, 81 inches/min (9 sec/Page), Heavy Duty, Ideal for Schools, Offices & Print Shops4.9Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
SINCHI 13-Inch 6-Roller Commercial
81 inches per minute speed
6-roller pressure system
Luxury aluminum housing
Handles 13 to 19 inch

With a 4.9 rating, the SINCHI 13-Inch 6-Roller Commercial Laminator is built for commercial use where every minute counts. It warms up in two minutes and runs at 81 inches per minute.

Pros

  • Extremely fast speed
  • High-end build quality
  • Seamless pouch switching
  • Auto-shutdown safety
  • Professional finish results

Cons

  • Premium price
  • Larger footprint

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

The 6-roller system delivers clean sealed edges without bubbling or curling, ideal for menus and signage. Its luxury aluminum housing and metal gearbox ensure long-lasting performance under pressure.

Users might find the speed intimidating for casual use, but it offers unmatched efficiency for print shops. The foil applicator allows for premium finishes on labels and tags using heat transfer materials.

This machine is perfect for production teams needing reliable output. Auto-protections monitor voltage and temperature to prevent damage and extend the lifespan of the device.

Commercial Grade Build

Crafted with luxury aluminum housing and commercial-grade metal gearbox for serious power and longevity.

Instant Sealing

The 6-roller system ensures clean edges without bubbling, warping, or curling on any document.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

4. Apache 13 Inch Thermal Laminator – Best Budget Heavy Duty Laminator

Apache 13 Inch 3-10 Mil Thermal Laminator (and up to 13 & 16 mil)4.4Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
Apache 13 Inch Thermal Laminator
Supports up to 16 mil
13-inch width capacity
Anti-jam release button
Simple reliable design

The Apache 13 Inch Thermal Laminator offers true 10 mil capability and supports specialty 13 and 16 mil pouches at a budget-friendly price. It is compact and lightweight for easy storage.

Pros

  • Affordable price point
  • Handles very thick pouches
  • Anti-jam release button
  • Triple laminating speed option
  • Simple controls

Cons

  • Basic features only
  • Smaller heating zone

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

You can triple your speed by laminating three pouches at once if using a carrier. The anti-jam release button makes clearing misfeeds simple without manual pulling or disassembly.

While it lacks advanced settings, it delivers a better seal for 5 mil pouches than dual-temperature machines. The two LED indicators clearly show power and ready status for operation.

This laminator is ideal for small businesses needing durability on a budget. Its reliability for sealing thicker projects makes it a practical choice for occasional heavy-duty use.

Thick Pouch Support

Handles up to 16 mil specialty pouches and seals thicker projects like cards well.

Speed Options

Triple speed potential when laminating three pouches at once for increased efficiency.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

5. LOTHANEK 4-Roller Heavy Duty Laminator – Best Value Heavy Duty Laminator

13 inch Heavy Duty Commercial Laminator Machine, LOTHANEK 4-Roller, 3-10 Mil, 60S Warm-up, 990mm/min, A3 Laminating Machine with 50 Sheets for Home, Office, School, Crafts4.5Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
LOTHANEK 4-Roller Heavy Duty Laminator
60-second warm-up time
DC motor efficiency
Includes corner rounder
990mm per minute speed

The LOTHANEK 4-Roller Heavy Duty Laminator is a lightweight option that heats up in 60 seconds and runs at 990mm per minute. It includes a handy corner rounder for smooth edges on photos.

Pros

  • Fast warm-up speed
  • Quiet DC motor operation
  • 50 sheets included
  • Corner rounder included
  • Smooth output tray

Cons

  • Plastic build feel
  • Basic safety features

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

Its DC motor allows switching between 3 and 10 mil settings without re-preheating, saving time on mixed projects. The smooth output tray ensures laminated sheets exit flat and neat.

The reverse button helps clear jams quickly without affecting performance. While not as heavy-duty as metal gearbox models, it is practical for school and office environments.

This laminator suits teachers and individuals needing simplicity. The included 50 sheets allow you to start laminating right out of the box.

DC Motor System

Enables switching between thickness settings after preheating without the need for reheating.

Easy Jam Removal

A simple reverse button lets you clear misfeeds easily without prying or disassembly.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

6. 13 inch 4-Roller Heavy Duty Laminator – Reliable Commercial Heavy Duty Laminator

13 inch 4-Roller Heavy Duty Laminator Machine, 990mm/ Min Speed, 3-10 Mil, 60S Warm-up, A3 Thermal Commercial Laminating Machine with 50 Sheets for Home, Office, School, Crafts Use5.0Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
13 inch 4-Roller Heavy Duty Laminator
Hot and cold modes
990mm per minute speed
One-touch reverse button
Smooth exit tray

With a perfect 5.0 rating, this 13 inch 4-Roller Laminator supports document sizes up to A3 and includes 50 pouches. It offers hot for thermal laminating and cold for self-adhesive films.

Pros

  • Excellent user rating
  • Hot and cold modes
  • Includes 50 pouches
  • Even heat distribution
  • Corner rounder included

Cons

  • No LCD display
  • Smaller footprint limit

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

The intelligent DC system holds temperature so you do not need to reheat when switching between 3 and 10 mil pouches. Its four heating rollers deliver even heat for bubble-free results every time.

A one-touch reverse button clears jams automatically, and the smooth exit tray prevents curling. The included corner rounder gives photos and certificates a polished professional finish.

This machine is compact enough for desks and countertop use. It is an excellent choice for schools and offices needing reliable throughput without complex controls.

DC Motor Efficiency

Holds temperature between jobs so you avoid waiting when switching between 3 and 10 mil pouches.

Versatile Modes

Switch between hot lamination for pouches and cold mode for self-adhesive films easily.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

7. Fellowes Venus 2 125 Thermal Laminator – Best Classroom Heavy Duty Laminator

Fellowes Venus 2 125 Thermal Laminator, Classroom Organization & School Supplies Machine, Rapid 30-60 Second Warm-Up, High-Speed AutoSense Technology (5734801)4.0Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
Fellowes Venus 2 125 Thermal Laminator
AutoSense thickness detection
6-roller heavy-duty system
Up to 43 in per min
30 to 60 sec warm-up

The Fellowes Venus 2 125 Thermal Laminator is built for high-volume classrooms needing rapid document protection. Its AutoSense technology detects pouch thickness and adjusts settings automatically.

Pros

  • AutoSense technology
  • Fast warm-up time
  • Heavy-duty roller core
  • Physical footprint stability
  • Clears mis-feeds

Cons

  • Higher price for features
  • Limited manual control

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

With a warm-up of 30 to 60 seconds and speeds up to 43 inches per minute, educators can prepare learning assets before the term starts. The 6-roller system ensures crystal clear lamination quality.

Users may find the price higher than basic units, but the durability justifies the investment. The automated system clears potential mis-feeds cleanly to maintain workflow continuity.

This laminator suits busy schools needing reliability. Its integrated energy-saving management and robust physical footprint handle the highest demands of modern teacher preparation.

AutoSense System

Intelligent technology detects pouch thickness and self-adjusts to the optimal setting automatically.

Classroom Ready

Designed to handle varied mixed stacks of learning assets in record time for educators.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

8. Scotch Thermal Laminator TL901X – Standard Home Office Heavy Duty Laminator

Scotch Thermal Laminator, 2 Roller System for a Professional Finish, Use for Home, Office or School, Suitable for use with Photos (TL901X)4.7Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
Scotch Thermal Laminator TL901X
2 roller system
Up to 9 inches wide
Letter-size page per min
Release lever included

The Scotch Thermal Laminator TL901X helps protect frequently used school documents and photos up to 9 inches wide. It features two heated rollers with two temperature settings for professional results.

Pros

  • Brand reputation
  • Release lever included
  • Compact size
  • Two temperature settings
  • Simple to use

Cons

  • Limited width capacity
  • Slower speed

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

Laminating a letter-size page takes about one minute, which is faster than some basic models. A release lever allows quick pouch release so you can focus on homework or other tasks.

While not as heavy-duty as 13-inch models, it is reliable for home and small office tasks. Its compact design fits easily in dorm rooms or on crowded workspaces.

This laminator is ideal for occasional users needing trustworthiness. Choose this brand for confidence in creating tear-proof and spill-proof paper items.

Professional Finish

Two heated rollers with temperature settings create bubble-free results for photos and documents.

Quick Release

Includes a release lever for quick pouch removal to save time during use.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

9. SINCHI Robust 6-Roller Laminator with LCD – Best Premium Heavy Duty Laminator

SINCHI Robust 6-Roller Laminator Machine with LCD Display, 3-10 Mil, Heavy Duty, 13-inch Thermal Laminating Machine for Commercial Use, 1.5-Minute Warm-up, 90 Inches/Minute, 105 Settings & 99 Memories4.4Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
SINCHI Robust 6-Roller Laminator with LCD
105 different settings
99 memory presets
LCD display control panel
6 super big silicon rollers

The SINCHI Robust 6-Roller Laminator with LCD is designed for commercial use requiring precision. It features 105 settings and 99 memory slots to save favorite preferences for future use.

Pros

  • LCD display control
  • High memory capacity
  • Luxury aluminum housing
  • Auto shut-down safety
  • Foil applicator included

Cons

  • Operational noise
  • Complex for beginners

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

With a 1.5-minute warm-up and 90 inches per minute speed, it saves valuable time on large projects. The six silicon rollers contribute to professional output with micro-adjustable speed optimization.

Note that the metal gearbox generates noise, which is normal for commercial heavy-duty machines. The luxury aluminum housing ensures durability and lasting performance across a wide range of projects.

This machine suits production teams needing control. It works with heat transfer foils to create unique DIY craft projects with personal touches.

LCD Control Panel

Provides great convenience for setting selections according to pouch thickness and document type.

Memory Presets

Save up to 99 favorite settings for convenient future use and faster workflow.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

10. Chilino 4-Roller Laminator 13 Inch – Compact Heavy Duty Laminator

Chilino 4-Roller Laminator 13 Inch, Heavy-Duty A3 11x17 Laminating Machine3.0Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
Chilino 4-Roller Laminator 13 Inch
13-inch feed width
1000mm per minute speed
REV anti-jam function
30-sheet accessory kit

The Chilino 4-Roller Laminator offers a wide 13-inch format for A3 and 11×17 posters. It starts in 55 seconds and laminates at up to 1000mm per minute for efficient workflow.

Pros

  • Wide format support
  • Fast warm-up speed
  • Complete accessory kit
  • Handles 11×17 posters
  • Affordable pricing

Cons

  • Lower user rating
  • Limited technical support

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

Its REV anti-jam function helps eject misfed sheets easily. The complete 30-sheet accessory kit includes a corner rounder, paper cutter, hole punch, and binder rings for professional finishing.

Users might find support limited due to the lower overall rating. However, the fast speed and wide capacity make it suitable for home crafts and small business tasks.

This machine is a budget option for wide format needs. Overheat protection and auto shutoff after 30 minutes support safe and energy-conscious operation.

Wide Format Support

The 13-inch feed handles A3, 11×17 posters, and legal documents without extra adapters.

Accessory Kit

Includes a paper cutter, hole punch, and binder rings to finish projects professionally.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

Buying Guide – How to Choose the Best Heavy Duty Laminator

Selecting the right heavy duty laminator depends on your volume needs and budget. This guide explores key factors like roller systems, speed, and features to simplify your decision.

Roller System Count

The number of rollers affects heat distribution and pressure. Machines with 4 to 6 rollers typically produce flatter results with fewer bubbles than 2-roller models. More rollers also help prevent jams by maintaining consistent alignment through the feed path.

Look for 4 or more rollers for heavy-duty use to ensure professional-quality edges.

Warm-Up Time and Speed

Fast warm-up times between 30 to 60 seconds save valuable minutes in busy workflows. Speed is measured in inches per minute, with commercial models reaching up to 90 inches. Faster speeds allow high-volume tasks like laminating class materials quickly.

Prioritize warm-up under one minute and speed over 40 inches per minute for efficiency.

Pouch Thickness Range

Heavy duty laminators should handle at least 3 to 10 mil pouches. Some models support thicker options like 13 or 16 mil for durable badges or cards. Wider thickness ranges offer more flexibility for varying project needs without needing multiple machines.

Ensure the machine supports 3 to 10 mil pouches as a minimum standard.

Document Width Capacity

Width determines the size of sheets you can laminate. Standard options are 9 inches, while heavy duty models reach 13 inches for 11×17 or A3 prints. Choose a width that fits your largest regular documents to avoid cropping or folding.

Select at least 13-inch width for poster or large document workflows.

Anti-Jam Technology

Jams interrupt workflow and damage documents, so anti-jam features are critical for heavy use. Look for reverse buttons, jam release systems, or sensors that detect misfeeds instantly. These features reduce maintenance time and protect your valuable paperwork from tearing.

Always check for a reverse button or jam release mechanism for safety.

Special Features and Accessories

Extra features like foil applicators, LCD displays, or accessory kits add value. Foil tools allow creative finishes, while accessories like corner rounders enhance professional results. Consider if these extras match your specific needs rather than paying for unused functions.

Choose models with only the accessories you need to save budget.

Durability and Build Quality

Metal gearboxes and aluminum housings indicate durability for high-frequency use. Plastic models might be cheaper but wear faster under continuous heat and pressure. Check warranty terms and after-sales support to ensure long-term reliability for your investment.

Prefer metal construction and strong warranties for long-lasting performance.

Safety Features

Safety mechanisms like auto-shutdown and overheat protection prevent energy waste and hazards. Many heavy duty laminators shut down after 30 minutes of inactivity to reduce risk. These features extend machine life and provide peace of mind during long work sessions.

Ensure the machine includes auto-shutoff and temperature monitoring.

How to Use and Care for Your Heavy Duty Laminator

Start by checking the warm-up indicator light before feeding any document. Wait until the machine signals it is ready to avoid uneven lamination or damage to the rollers.

Align your pouch at an angle so one edge enters first. This guides the document smoothly through the rollers and prevents creasing or misalignment that leads to jams.

After use, clean the rollers with the included cleaning paper to remove dust and adhesive residue. Store the laminator in a dry place and unplug it when not in use to extend its lifespan.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a heavy duty and standard laminator?

Heavy duty laminators handle thicker pouches up to 10 mil or more and run faster for high volumes. They often have more rollers and metal construction, making them durable for offices and schools.

How do I clear a jam without damaging the laminator?

Press the reverse button if available to eject the pouch safely. Do not pull manually unless forced to avoid damaging the rollers. Use the release lever carefully to prevent tearing the document.

Can I laminate photos with heavy duty laminators?

Yes, heavy duty laminators work with photos using standard thermal pouches. Ensure the photo is flat and centered in the pouch to avoid bubbles or uneven heat distribution during the process.

Do heavy duty laminators require special pouches?

They use standard thermal laminating pouches but support thicker options up to 10 mil. Ensure pouch width matches your document size to prevent jams or uneven lamination during feeding.

How often should I clean my heavy duty laminator?

Clean the rollers weekly or after every 50 sheets using the included cleaning paper. Regular cleaning removes residue that can cause jams and ensures consistent lamination quality over time.

Is a heavy duty laminator noisy?

Heavy duty models with metal gearboxes are louder than basic units due to industrial components. This sound is normal and indicates durability, but it may not suit quiet home environments.

Can I use foil with a heavy duty laminator?

Some models include a foil applicator for decorative metallic finishes. Use the 10-mil setting and compatible foil sheets for best results on invitations or custom crafts.

What warranty should I expect for these machines?

Most heavy duty laminators come with a 12-month warranty and after-sales service. Check for support terms before purchasing to ensure protection against defects or mechanical issues.

Final Thoughts on Choosing the Best Heavy Duty Laminator

The top picks like the SINCHI 13-Inch and Apache models offer distinct advantages for speed and budget. Each machine balances roller systems, thickness support, and ease of use to suit varied needs.

Prioritize anti-jam features and warm-up time if you handle high volumes daily. A reliable laminator ensures documents stay protected and organized without constant interruptions.

Always verify current prices and stock before ordering as deals change often. The right choice depends on matching your specific workflow requirements to the features outlined above.